We’ve got seen in movies about people teleport from place A to B without traversing through physical space, but will it remain as a science fiction ceaselessly? Human kind is embracing science and technology like never before and things that were considered to be a fiction centuries ago is getting materialized. Even scientists and futurists predict that human kind may turn out to be immortal in future. So, there’s every possibility that humans will teleport from A location to B location, a minimum of in centuries to come back.
Scientists have discovered that quantum particles can teleport from A to B without traversing through physical space. When quantum particles can teleport, humans may teleport because the constructing blocks of matter in universe is atoms. Quantum particles could also be an electron / photon / ion that are constructing blocks of an atom.
Quantum Teleportation is a quantum communication protocol where we send qubits by utilizing classical bits. It’s only a flip of super dense coding where we send two classical bits using a single qubit. The advantage of quantum teleportation lies in its ability to send quantum information arbitrarily far distances without exposing quantum states to thermal decoherence from the environment or other antagonistic effects.
Allow us to consider Alice desires to send a qubit of state C to Bob. She takes advantage of two classical bits and an entangled qubit pair. Alice can transfer qubit and ultimately Bob may have the qubit of state C. Now we will say qubit C has been teleported. Alice wonโt have the qubit of the state C anymore. Quantum teleportation requires three qubits and two classical bits to teleport an unknown quantum state. You may ask me a matter, why Alice canโt create a duplicate of qubit state C? The reply is NO, because you can’t create a duplicate of a qubit state (in superposition) as per no cloning theorem. We will create a duplicate of only the classical states. Alice and Bob should use a 3rd party also called as Telamon to send them an entangled qubit pair. Below are the steps involved in quantum teleportation:
- Generate a pair of entangled qubits A, B and sending A to Alice and B to Bob
- Alice applies a CNOT gate to the qubit (A) controlled by C after which she applies a Hadamard gate to qubit C
- Alice measures the state of qubits and stores the lead to the classical bits and sends it to Bob
- Bob who has the entangled qubit B, applies quantum gates based on the bits received.
00: Identity
01: Apply ๐ gate
10: Apply Z gate
11: Apply ๐๐ gate
5. Use quantum simulator to check quantum teleportation
# Import the required libraries
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, Aer, execute
from qiskit.visualization import plot_histogram
# Create 3 qubits and three classical bits
qc = QuantumCircuit(3, 3)# Assign NOT gate to qubit 0
qc.x(0)
# Create a barrier
qc.barrier()
# Create a bell state by entangling the qubits 1 and a pair of by utilizing hadamard gate and CNOT gate
qc.h(1)
qc.cx(1, 2)
# Create a barrier
qc.barrier()
# Create a plot of the circuit
qc.draw(output="mpl")
# Apply CNOT gate to the qubit 0
qc.cx(0, 1)# Apply hadamard gate to circuit 0
qc.h(0)
# create a barrier
qc.barrier()
# Create a plot
qc.draw(output="mpl")
# Measure the qubits 0, 1
qc.measure([0, 1], [0, 1])# Create a barrier
qc.barrier()
# Create a plot
qc.draw(output="mpl")
# Apply CNOT gate on qubits 1, 2
qc.cx(1, 2)# Apply CNOT gate on qubits 0, 2
qc.cz(0, 2)
# Measure the second qubit
qc.measure([2], [2])
# Draw the circuit
qc.draw(output="mpl")
# create a qasm simulator
backend = Aer.get_backend("qasm_simulator")# Execute the circuit and the get counts
result = execute(qc, backend, shots=1024).result().get_counts(qc)
# plot the histogram
plot_histogram(result)
We will see from the above histogram, there’s a 100% likelihood of measuring qubit B in state |1> (Take a look at the left most bits within the x-axis). We will conclude that quantum teleportation is working advantageous.
Below is my Github link for quantum computing examples which accommodates the only qubit gates, multi qubit gates and quantum protocol like Teleportation and Super Dense Coding.
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